Table 1 Demographic and relevant clinical characteristics, and dosage of VCM and GM

Age (years)

70 (54–81)

66 (21–82)

0.388

Sex male -no. (%)

5 (83)

7 (78)

1.000

Body weight (kg)

64 (48–76)

59 (40–79)

0.388

Main diagnosis - no. (%)

Native valve IE / Prosthetic valve IE

4 (67) / 2 (33)

3 (30) / 1 (11)

0.044

Sepsis

0 (0)

2 (22)

0.486

Bacteremia

0 (0)

2 (22)

0.486

Others ¹⁾

0 (0)

1 (11)

1.000

Causative pathogens no. (%)

MRSA

0 (0)

2 (22)

0.486

Staphylococcus epidermidis

1 (17)

0 (0)

0.400

Enterococcus species

1 (17)

2 (22)

1.000

Streptococcus species

2 (33)

2 (22)

1.000

Others or not identified

2 (33)

3 (33)

1.000

Comorbidities no. (%)

Valvular disease

3 (50)

3 (33)

0.622

Arrhythmia

1 (17)

1 (11)

1.000

Cerebrovascular disease

0 (0)

3 (33)

0.229

Hypertension

3 (50)

1 (11)

0.235

CKD

1 (17)

0 (0)

0.400

Hematological malignancy

1 (17)

1 (11)

1.000

Solid tumor

0 (0)

2 (22)

0.486

qSOFA score 2 or higher / others - no. (%) ²⁾

0 (0) / 6 (100)

1 (11) / 8 (89)

1.000

Ejection fraction (%)

73 (66–81)

70 (38–85)

0.776

Heart valve surgery no. (%)

1 (17)

1 (11)

1.000

Baseline biochemistry and complete blood counts

Albumin (g/dL)

2.8 (2.0–3.6)

2.7 (2.2–4.2)

0.767

Blood urea nitrogen (mg/dL)

18.3 (8.6–24.5)

13.2 (7.8–47.8)

0.480

Creatinine (mg/dL)

0.84 (0.35–1.29)

0.65 (0.49–1.56)

0.637

CLcr (mL/min)

68 (58–136)

81 (31–159)

0.556

eGFR (mL/min/1.73m²)

68 (47–142)

93 (36–147)

0.814

Hemoglobin (g/dL)

11.2 (7.1–15.6)

10.0 (7.2–13.7)

0.529

VCM dose (mg/kg/day)

26.8 (16.5–38.9)

25.4 (10.6–46.2)

0.607

GM dose (mg/kg/day)

2.0 (1.6–2.5)

2.0 (0.8–4.6)

0.864

GM once daily administration no. (%)

3 (50)

4 (44)

1.000

Duration until AKI onset after the commencement of VCM plus GM therapy (day)

12 (7–22)

NA

NA

Duration until AKI onset after the commencement of VCM therapy

14 (7–24)

NA

NA

Frequency of VCM TDM during the study period (day)

4 (1–4)

2 (1–5)

0.251

Median duration until TDM after the commencement of VCM (day)

9 (5–14)

5 (4–7)

0.097

Clinical outcomes ³⁾

30-day mortality no. (%)

1 (17)

0 (0)

0.429

90-day mortality no. (%)

3 (50)

1 (13)

0.245

Clinical failure no. (%)

2 (33) ⁴⁾

3 (38) ⁵⁾

1.000

Concomitant nephrotoxic agents no. (%)

ACEIs/ARBs

1 (17)

0 (0)

0.400

NSAIDs

0 (0)

1 (11)

1.000

Diuretics

1 (17)

3 (33)

0.604

Immunosuppressant

0 (0)

1 (11)

1.000

Concomitant other antimicrobial agents no. (%)

Cephem antimicrobial agents ⁶⁾

1 (17)

3 (33)

0.604

Meropenem

0 (0)

2 (22)

0.486